Conversations that explore technology, history, philosophy, physics, mathematics, biology, chemistry, engineering, AI, robotics, programming, music, film, art, sports, psychology, neuroscience, geopolitics, business, economics, religion, astronomy, and the human condition with people from all walks of life.

Lex Fridman Podcast

Andrew Scull is a historian of psychiatry.
https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep502-sc
Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/andrew-scull-transcript
CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
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EPISODE LINKS:
https://sociology.ucsd.edu/people/faculty/emeritus/andrew-scull.html
https://amzn.to/4vmBquI
https://amzn.to/3SZhd0I
SPONSORS:
Wispr Flow: AI-powered voice dictation app.
https://wisprflow.ai/lex
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
https://fin.ai/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
https://shopify.com/lex
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
https://betterhelp.com/lex
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
https://perplexity.ai/
OUTLINE:
PODCAST LINKS:
https://lexfridman.com/podcast
https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL
https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#502 – Psychiatry, Insane Asylums, Mental Illness, ECT, Lobotomies, Freud & Jung

DHH is the creator of Ruby on Rails, Omarchy Linux, CTO of 37signals, and a racecar driver.
https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep501-sc
Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/dhh-2-transcript
CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact
EPISODE LINKS:
https://x.com/dhh
https://world.hey.com/dhh
https://omarchy.org
https://rubyonrails.org
https://37signals.com
SPONSORS:
Wispr Flow: AI-powered voice dictation app.
https://wisprflow.ai/lex
Blitzy: AI agent for large enterprise codebases.
https://blitzy.com/lex
NetSuite: Business management software.
http://netsuite.ai/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
https://shopify.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Plaud: AI-powered note-taking devices and software.
https://plaud.ai/lex
Higgsfield AI: AI-based video generation, filmmaking, and creative studio.
https://higgsfield.ai
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
https://perplexity.ai/
OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:14) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:56) – Programming with AI agents
(24:14) – How software will change
(33:30) – AI impact on open source
(43:21) – Building Omarchy Linux distro
(53:05) – Vibe coding vs agentic engineering
(1:06:06) – The end of manual programming
(1:16:24) – Advice for programmers
(1:28:31) – Surviving Internet Hate
(1:37:46) – Programming setup for AI Agents
(1:50:11) – Obsessing about speed
(2:13:06) – Voice prompting vs typing
(2:27:05) – Best AI coding models
(2:43:55) – Best AI coding harnesses
(2:56:57) – AI video generation and filmmaking
(3:16:28) – Fatherhood
(3:44:35) – Linux will win the desktop
(3:55:51) – PewDiePie
(4:05:25) – Future of programming
(4:28:18) – Politics and immigration
(4:59:55) – Longevity, over-optimization, and fear of death
(5:11:38) – Eternal recurrence and future of human civization

#501 – DHH: Future of Programming, AI, Agentic Engineering, Vibe Coding & Linux

Khabib Nurmagomedov is one of the greatest fighters of all time, who retired from the UFC undefeated with a perfect 29-0 record. We did this conversation entirely in Russian. It’s translated and dubbed into English. Both language audio tracks (and subtitles) are available on YouTube. Here, only the English audio is available. We worked hard to make it enjoyable to listen to, by carefully dubbing the translation using voice-cloning, as we’ve done for previous foreign-language podcasts.
Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep500-sc
Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/khabib-nurmagomedov-transcript
CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact
EPISODE LINKS:
https://instagram.com/khabib_nurmagomedov/
https://youtube.com/@KhabibTheEagle
https://facebook.com/KhabibTheEagle/
https://x.com/TeamKhabib
https://t.me/khabib_nurmagomedov
https://khabib.com
SPONSORS:
Wispr Flow: AI-powered voice dictation app.
https://wisprflow.ai/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
https://shopify.com/lex
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
https://betterhelp.com/lex
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
https://perplexity.ai/
OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:29) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:24) – Why Dagestan produces so many great fighters
(18:31) – History of Dagestan warrior culture
(27:51) – Hard training in the mountains of Dagestan
(31:42) – The trap of fame, money, and power
(42:23) – The key to Khabib’s dominance
(53:36) – Discipline and hard work
(1:06:04) – Street fights in Dagestan
(1:19:45) – Khabib’s top pressure
(1:25:29) – Khabib vs Conor McGregor
(1:38:14) – Khabib’s toughest fight
(1:46:02) – Greatest MMA fighters of all time
(2:03:46) – Coaching
(2:09:19) – Daniel Cormier
(2:13:38) – Islam Makhachev
(2:23:35) – Dana White
(2:27:05) – Joe Rogan
(2:29:20) – Ali Abdelaziz
(2:31:57) – Football
(2:39:12) – Messi vs Ronaldo
(2:57:12) – Dubai
(3:01:03) – God
(3:08:46) – Advice for young people

#500 – Khabib Nurmagomedov: Dagestan, MMA, UFC, Islam, Conor, Fedor & Football

Gary Gallagher is a historian of the American Civil War.
https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep499-sc
Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/gary-gallagher-transcript
CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact
EPISODE LINKS:
https://history.virginia.edu/people/gary-w-gallagher
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_W._Gallagher
https://amzn.to/4yletel
https://amzn.to/3QT1jED
https://amzn.to/4fdrbD5
https://amzn.to/4wFxk1X
https://amzn.to/4vsAogU
https://bit.ly/4gDX3mQ
SPONSORS:
Upwork: Platform for hiring freelancers.
https://upwork.com/lex
NetSuite: Business management software.
http://netsuite.ai/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
https://shopify.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
https://betterhelp.com/lex
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
https://perplexity.ai/
Plaud: AI-powered note-taking devices and software.
https://plaud.ai/lex
OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:07) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:36) – What caused the Civil War?
(18:33) – Slavery
(46:07) – Lincoln
(1:01:03) – Grant vs Lee
(1:09:57) – Could the Civil War have been avoided?
(1:19:23) – The bloodiest war in US history
(1:36:31) – How the Confederate Army could’ve won
(1:57:05) – Key battles of the Civil War
(2:20:07) – Best and Worst Presidents
(2:34:06) – Robert E. Lee
(2:53:40) – The most important battle of the Civil War
(3:03:51) – The final showdown of the Civil War – Grant vs Lee
(3:26:10) – Lost Cause and Confederate Monuments
(3:43:37) – Extreme political division in US

#499 – Gary Gallagher: American Civil War, Slavery, Lincoln, Grant & Lee

Anthony Kaldellis is a historian of the Roman Empire and author of “The New Roman Empire”, a comprehensive history of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire).
https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep498-sc
Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/anthony-kaldellis-transcript
CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact
EPISODE LINKS:
https://amzn.to/49AX7Q1
https://kaldellispublications.weebly.com
https://classics.uchicago.edu/people/anthony-kaldellis
https://amzn.to/3PTFTqk
https://amzn.to/4fgRMRq
https://byzantiumandfriends.podbean.com/
https://thehistoryofbyzantium.com/
SPONSORS:
Upwork: Platform for hiring freelancers.
https://upwork.com/lex
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
https://fin.ai/lex
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
https://betterhelp.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
https://shopify.com/lex
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
https://perplexity.ai/
OUTLINE:
PODCAST LINKS:
https://lexfridman.com/podcast
https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL
https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#498 – Anthony Kaldellis: Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Rise & Fall of Empires

Don Lincoln is a particle physicist at Fermilab who has spent decades working at the frontiers of high energy physics.
https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep497-sc
CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact
EPISODE LINKS:
https://facebook.com/Dr.Don.Lincoln/
https://drdonlincoln.com/
https://bit.ly/4nHeNiF
https://bit.ly/3PCIW67
https://x.com/DrDonLincoln
https://amzn.to/4uYbkOZ
https://shop.thegreatcourses.com/don-lincoln
https://adbl.co/4wGioRV
https://www.youtube.com/fermilab
https://www.fnal.gov/
https://x.com/fermilab
SPONSORS:
Upwork: Platform for hiring freelancers.
https://upwork.com/lex
Larridin: Measure AI adoption in your business.
https://larridin.com
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
https://fin.ai/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
https://shopify.com/lex
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
https://perplexity.ai/
OUTLINE:
PODCAST LINKS:
https://lexfridman.com/podcast
https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL
https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#497 – Biggest Mysteries in Physics: Antimatter, Dark Energy & ToE – Don Lincoln

Jean-Baptiste Kempf is lead developer of VLC and president of VideoLAN. Kieran Kunhya is a longtime FFmpeg contributor, codec engineer, and the person behind the now-infamous FFmpeg account on X.
https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep496-sc
Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/ffmpeg-transcript
CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact
EPISODE LINKS:
https://x.com/FFmpeg
https://ffmpeg.org/
https://www.videolan.org/
https://x.com/videolan
https://jbkempf.com/
https://www.linkedin.com/in/jbkempf/
https://github.com/jbkempf
https://x.com/kierank_
https://bit.ly/3OORhmC
https://github.com/kierank
SPONSORS:
Larridin: Measure AI adoption in your business.
https://larridin.com
Blitzy: AI agent for large enterprise codebases.
https://blitzy.com/lex
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
https://betterhelp.com/lex
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
https://fin.ai/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
https://perplexity.ai/
OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(03:00) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:48) – Weirdest things VLC opens
(15:12) – How video playback works
(24:33) – Video codecs and containers
(35:20) – FFmpeg explained
(56:20) – Linus Torvalds
(1:00:59) – Turning down millions to keep VLC ad-free
(1:15:17) – FFmpeg & Google drama
(1:34:31) – FFmpeg developers
(1:41:08) – VLC and FFmpeg
(1:45:42) – History of FFmpeg
(1:48:59) – Reverse engineering codecs
(2:02:14) – FFmpeg testing
(2:06:21) – Assembly code (handwritten)
(2:30:39) – Rust programming language
(2:39:55) – FFmpeg and Libav fork
(2:48:17) – Open source burnout
(2:56:04) – x264 and internet video
(3:09:20) – Video compression basics
(3:16:17) – CIA and fake VLC
(3:26:52) – Ultra low latency streaming
(3:44:20) – AV2 codec and video patents
(3:54:12) – VLC backdoors
(4:04:27) – Video archiving
(4:11:04) – Future of FFmpeg and VLC

#496 – FFmpeg: The Incredible Technology Behind Video on the Internet

Lars Brownworth is a historian, teacher, podcaster, and author specializing in Viking history, medieval Europe, and the Byzantine Empire.
https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep495-sc
Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/lars-brownworth-transcript
CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact
EPISODE LINKS:
https://larsbrownworth.com/
https://www.amazon.com/Sea-Wolves-History-Vikings/dp/1909979120
https://amzn.to/4sHY0xw
https://12byzantinerulers.com/
https://apple.co/4sgSxNi
SPONSORS:
Larridin: Measure AI adoption in your business.
https://larridin.com
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
https://betterhelp.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
https://fin.ai/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
https://shopify.com/lex
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
https://perplexity.ai/
OUTLINE:
PODCAST LINKS:
https://lexfridman.com/podcast
https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL
https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#495 – Vikings, Ragnar, Berserkers, Valhalla & the Warriors of the Viking Age

Jensen Huang is the co-founder and CEO of NVIDIA, the world’s most valuable company and the engine powering the AI computing revolution.
https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep494-sc
Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/jensen-huang-transcript
CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact
EPISODE LINKS:
https://nvidia.com
https://x.com/nvidia
https://x.com/NVIDIAAI
https://youtube.com/@nvidia
https://www.instagram.com/nvidia/
https://www.linkedin.com/company/nvidia/
https://www.facebook.com/NVIDIA/
https://github.com/NVIDIA
https://developer.nvidia.com/nemotron
SPONSORS:
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
https://perplexity.ai/
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
https://shopify.com/lex
LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix.
https://drinkLMNT.com/lex
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
https://fin.ai/lex
Quo: Phone system (calls, texts, contacts) for businesses.
https://quo.com/lex
OUTLINE:
PODCAST LINKS:
https://lexfridman.com/podcast
https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL
https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

#494 – Jensen Huang: NVIDIA – The $4 Trillion Company & the AI Revolution

Jeff Kaplan is a legendary Blizzard game designer of World of Warcraft and Overwatch, now preparing to launch a new game, The Legend of California, from his new studio Kintsugiyama – available to wishlist on Steam today, with alpha later in March.
https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep493-sc
CONTACT LEX:
Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey
AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama
Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring
Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact
EPISODE LINKS:
https://store.steampowered.com/app/2550530/The_Legend_of_California
https://www.kintsugiyama.com/
SPONSORS:
Fin: AI agent for customer service.
https://fin.ai/lex
Blitzy: AI agent for large enterprise codebases.
https://blitzy.com/lex
BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling.
https://betterhelp.com/lex
Shopify: Sell stuff online.
https://shopify.com/lex
CodeRabbit: AI-powered code reviews.
https://coderabbit.ai/lex
Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine.
https://perplexity.ai/
OUTLINE:
PODCAST LINKS:
https://lexfridman.com/podcast
https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
https://open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0BvDc6GTFvKFPXnkCL
https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
https://www.youtube.com/lexclips